Watching a rhinoceros is like stepping back in time 5 million years. These behemoths, like giraffes, elephants, and hippopotamuses, are some of the few remaining “megaherbivores,” plant-eaters that weigh more than a ton and were once common throughout the world. Today's megaherbivores are mostly restricted to Asia and, especially, Africa. Like all megafauna, rhinos live a long time (up to 35 years in the wild), have slow population growth rates, low adult mortality rates, and few natural predators capable of killing adults. Their slow reproductive rates make their populations vulnerable to human overexploitation. Millions of years ago, more than 30 genera of rhinoceroses were found throughout Eurasia, North America, and Africa, but only 5 species in 4 genera survived into modern times. All 5 species now teeter on the brink of extinction. As we reported in an earlier blog, the mass extinction of megaherbivores in North America during the Pleistocene epoch reduced soil and plant fertility. The modern-day extinction of rhinoceros could similarly damage ecosystems. Black rhinos—the only species in Tanzania—have two horns, which grow continually from the skin at their base like human fingernails. The front horn is longer than the rear horn, males tend to have thicker horns, and females usually have longer and thinner ones (see photos below). The horn is made of thousands of compressed hair-like strands of keratin (same material as hair and fingernails), making it extremely tough, but it can be broken or split during fighting. Uncontrolled poaching for horns, used in Yemen for ceremonial dagger handles and in Asia for traditional medicine, decimated the rhino population in Tanzania to only 32 in 1995. The species remains critically endangered. Black rhinos are most easily seen in the Ngorongoro Crater, especially during the rainier months. We saw 11 rhinos on a recent trip to the Crater, and caught a glimpse of one male’s impressive penis. According to veterinarian and rhinoceros expert Dr. Nan Schaffer, a fully erect rhinoceros penis extends up to two and a half feet and is shaped like a lightning bolt. To accommodate it, the reproductive tract of the female rhino is also quite long, with many twists and angles of its own. The penis is curved backwards, allowing the characteristic rear-directed urination. Urine spraying is a common form of scent marking, both for males marking their territory, and also for females to signify to nearby bulls when they are in estrus. Spraying bursts can reach up to 3-4 meters away and males often follow a spray with vigorous horning of the urine-soaked soil and vegetation. Scent-marking is critical for communication, as rhinos have extremely poor eyesight. One way to help protect and restore rhinoceroses is to financially support bold, effective, grassroots organizations working to stop the poaching crisis. The best group in Tanzania is PAMS Foundation. PAMS works tirelessly to ensure a future for megaherbivores like elephants, rhinos, giraffes, as well as other animals suffering from poaching.
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During a recent visit to Serengeti National Park, we happened upon this huge male lion who had apparently killed this sub-adult giraffe. This is a rare occurrence in Tarangire, but lions in Ruaha have learned to effectively hunt adult giraffe and lions take giraffe regularly there. Giraffe calves only have about a 50% chance of surviving their first year due to predation by lions, hyenas and leopards, but adult survival is typically 90% as they are usually too large for non-human predators.
A wonderful piece by Carole Currie in the Sunday Asheville Citizen-Times, November 21, 2015
http://www.citizen-times.com/story/life/2015/11/21/carole-currie-beautiful-giraffes-inspire-lives/76199130/ Beautiful giraffes inspire their lives Monica Bond and Derek Lee met in California at a scientific talk about divorce in spotted owls. It didn’t take them long to discover they were soulmates. Naturalist David Attenborough was her hero. Marlin Perkins, the zoologist and host of “Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom,” was his inspiration. A graduate of Duke, she had just gotten a master’s degree in wildlife science and he was doing spotted owl research at California’s Humboldt State University. Their interests just meshed. When he applied to Dartmouth for a fellowship leading to a Ph.D. studying giraffes in Africa using some new pattern recognition software and got the job, Monica said, “Yeah, I’ll go with you.” The two have been working in Tanzania since 2011 studying giraffes to learn where the animals are thriving or not and why, as well as analyzing their migration patterns to develop conservation measures so future generations can enjoy the beautiful animals. The married couple was in Weaverville recently on their yearly trip to the United States before they returned to Africa to dive back into their research. From his fellowship, Derek is now Dr. Lee. Monica’s parents live in Weaverville, so Weaverville is the mailing headquarters for their Wild Nature Institute (P.O. Box 44, Weaverville, NC 28787). Monica and Derek explain that all different types of giraffes have declined in the past 10 years due to overhunting and conversion of their habitat into villages and farms. Not much is known about giraffes because they have been studied so little. (The couple says there are only 10 giraffe researchers in the world.) What the couple does know about the animals is that they are graceful and calm. They graze on the high leaves of acacia trees. The trees have long, spiny thorns but giraffes have tough mouths and long tongues for ripping off shoots. When Monica and Derek drive out into the bush for weeks at a time to track giraffe populations, they do no traumatic tagging or marking of the animals. Instead they photograph each animal on its right side and later use the pattern software in the computer to recognize the animal. No two patterns are alike. A Masai driver accompanies them. Because the off-road terrain is so rough, Derek laughs and says he has become very good at car repair. The two rise in pre-dawn, work all day driving and photographing, cook at night (rice and vegetables purchased in villages), sleep in a tent and are up and at it again the next day. The area is rich in wildlife such as lions and elephants as well as wildebeests and zebras. When they return to headquarters they process all the photos to identify the animals — more than 2,100 so far — so they can track them. Back at camp the two are also involved in conservation and education work with villagers about the importance of preserving the area’s rich wildlife populations. When giraffes leave the national park areas to go to other grazing and mating areas, often where there are more people, their population is threatened. They face special danger from poachers who sell giraffe for bush meat, which is cheaper than other meats. Mother giraffes are fierce in defense of their babies, using their dinner plate-sized hoofs to stomp and kick predators. Still, only about half of giraffe babies survive. Although their lives seem spartan, Monica and Derek say the lifestyle suits them perfectly. They love Africa; they love being outside in nature and don’t care about owning a permanent home. They want to keep working with giraffes to get some answers to the many questions they have about the animals. They hope to be instruments of long-term positive change for the animals and for the Masai people. Some of their time is spent in fundraising, applying for grants and making reports to funders and that makes the future always a little uncertain. On their wish list is a new vehicle to replace their old one. For more information, go to www.wildnatureinstitute.org. In Tanzania, the two have almost everything they could need and want. But on their return trips to the U.S. they stock up on electronics and cameras and Monica’s favorite decaf coffee. This is the opinion of Carole Currie. Call her at 828-658-1914 or email [email protected]. The Secretary Bird is a terrestrial raptor endemic to Africa. With a hooked bill and long legs -- looking part-eagle, part-crane -- it delicately picks its way through the grass searching for prey items, and promptly stamps them to death (including the deadliest of snakes) with hard pads on its scaled feet. Quite formidable!
The Excel Education Fund helps promising students in Moshi succeed and they are using our book, The Amazing Migration of Lucky the Wildebeest, in their primary schools.
The Wild Nature Institute is celebrating our fifth year of science and conservation work to preserve wild nature. We are rewarding our generous supporters with a free t-shirt or canvas printed wildlife photo. Visit our 2015 appeal page under the Donate tab for details.
Since our beginning in 2010, we have accomplished a lot around the Tarangire ecosystem in Tanzania, with help from our friends like you: · We are running the world’s largest giraffe ecology research program. · We delivered 2,600 copies of our Lucky the Wildebeest children’s book to rural Masai kids. · We completed land-use plans to give legal protection to 166,000 acres of wildebeest migration habitat on Masai village lands. · We brought in anti-poaching experts to stop the slaughter. Our plans for the next five years include: · Publishing 10 high-impact scientific articles on giraffe and ungulate ecology. · Printing and distributing 2,500 copies of our new Juma the Giraffe children’s book. · Doubling the number of acres of migration habitat protected in land-use plans. · Ending the illegal poaching of bushmeat in our project area. To succeed in the coming years, we need: · $15,000 to buy and outfit a replacement field research vehicle. Get your name or your organization's name printed on the vehicle as a sponsor. · $10,000 to print and distribute Juma the Giraffe book. · $25,000 per year for wildlife fieldwork. Our work would not have happened without you. With sincere gratitude, Derek Lee & Monica Bond This week, Dr. Derek Lee and Monica Bond of the Wild Nature Institute attended the ZACC: Zoos and Aquariums Committing to Conservation conference in Denver, Colorado. ZACC is a biennial conference that brings together zoo personnel and field researchers to increase the role of zoos in supporting conservation efforts throughout the globe. The conference was amazing, with passionate and dedicated people from around the world highlighting their projects to save species and habitats from Borneo to Mongolia to Guatemala. We made many connections and have some new and exciting ideas for our projects in Tanzania. We shared our research, education, and advocacy work to protect Masai giraffe and conserve a critically threatened wildebeest migration route. We are immensely grateful to our zoo supporters, including the Sacramento Zoo, Columbus Zoo, Cincinnati Zoo, and Cleveland MetroParks Zoo: our conservation work would not be possible without them. We were thrilled and honored to be awarded a ZACC Conservation Grant at the conference! We will put the grant to good use studying and protecting hoofed mammals to preserve the ecology, economy, and culture of the Tarangire Ecosystem of Tanzania. Thank you so much to the ZACC steering committee!
Enjoy these photos from Tarangire and Lake Manyara national parks, showcasing the elegance, grace, and beauty of this exquisite animal.
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